A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine

Micheal Abimbola Oladosu; Moses Adondua Abah; Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna; Nkechi Asogwa; Sunday Ameh; Kelechi Asogwa; Taiwo Awojulu; Joseph Oteng; Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo; Oladapo Abiola Balogun; Manasseh Opoku Akuoko

doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

2026, Vol: 3, Issue: 1

3 / 1Current Issue Archive Aims and Scope Abstracting & Indexing Most Accessed Articles Most Downloaded Articles Most Cited Articles

Required files to be uploaded

Title Page

Review Article

J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19

doi: 10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine

Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, Manasseh Opoku Akuoko.

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents one of the most aggressive and therapeutically challenging breast cancer subtypes, characterised by the absence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification. Comprising approximately 15-20% of all breast cancer diagnoses, TNBC disproportionately affects younger women, particularly those with BRCA1 mutations, and exhibits rapid progression, high recurrence rates, and historically limited therapeutic options. Recent advances in molecular profiling have revealed significant heterogeneity within TNBC, leading to the identification of distinct molecular subtypes, including basal-like (BL1 and BL2), mesenchymal (M), mesenchymal stem-like (MSL), immunomodulatory (IM), and luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtypes, each presenting unique therapeutic vulnerabilities. This comprehensive review synthesises current knowledge on targeted therapeutic strategies for TNBC, examining established approaches such as PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutated tumours and immune checkpoint inhibitors for PD-L1-positive cases, while extensively covering emerging targets including EGFR inhibitors, JAK/STAT pathway modulators, developmental signalling pathways (Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog), epigenetic regulators (HDAC and DNMT inhibitors), and tumour-associated antigens (GPNMB, LIV-1). Unlike previous reviews, this work provides an integrated perspective on precision medicine approaches, emphasising biomarker-driven patient selection strategies and clinical translation of molecular discoveries. We analyse recent clinical trial outcomes, regulatory approvals, and emerging therapeutic combinations while addressing current challenges, including tumour heterogeneity, drug resistance mechanisms, and healthcare accessibility. The review concludes with a strategic roadmap for next-generation TNBC drug development, highlighting the transition from conventional chemotherapy to personalised, molecularly-guided therapeutic approaches that promise to improve outcomes for patients with this challenging disease.

Key words: Triple-negative breast cancer; Targeted therapy; PARP inhibitors; Immune checkpoint blockade; Biomarkers; Precision medicine; Molecular subtypes; Clinical trials.

	ARTICLE TOOLS
	Abstract
	PDF Fulltext
	How to cite this article
	Citation Tools
	Related Records
	Articles by Micheal Abimbola Oladosu Articles by Moses Adondua Abah Articles by Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna Articles by Nkechi Asogwa Articles by Sunday Ameh Articles by Kelechi Asogwa Articles by Taiwo Awojulu Articles by Joseph Oteng Articles by Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo Articles by Oladapo Abiola Balogun Articles by Manasseh Opoku Akuoko
	on Google
	on Google Scholar

How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Web Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. https://www.jcrronline.org//?mno=259787 [Access: February 13, 2026]. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. (2026), [cited February 13, 2026]; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Harvard Style

Oladosu, M. A., Abah, . M. A., Yohanna, . N. R., Asogwa, . N., Ameh, . S., Asogwa, . K., Awojulu, . T., Oteng, . J., Adejumo, . J. O., Balogun, . O. A. & Akuoko, . M. O. (2026) A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Turabian Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. 2026. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Chicago Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. "A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 3 (2026), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. "A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 3.1 (2026), 1-19. Print. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Oladosu, M. A., Abah, . M. A., Yohanna, . N. R., Asogwa, . N., Ameh, . S., Asogwa, . K., Awojulu, . T., Oteng, . J., Adejumo, . J. O., Balogun, . O. A. & Akuoko, . M. O. (2026) A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Author Login Reviewer Login About Publisher Open Access Policy Editorial Policies Editorial Review Policy Peer Review Policy Editorial & Peer Review Process Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement Conflict of Interest Policy Plagiarism Policy Protection of Research Participants (Statement On Human And Animal Rights)Corrections, Retractions & Expressions of Concern Self-Archiving Policies Digital Archiving & Preservation Policies Statement of Informed Consent Terms of Use License Information Copyright Information

About Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews

Contact Information

Your comments are very important to us

How to cite this article